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Water jet cutter

xls120 — Thu, 03 Sep 2009 08:37:41 +0200

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History
In the 1950s, forestry engineer Dr. Norman Franz experimented with an early form of water jet cutter to cut lumber. However, the technology did not advance notably until the 1970s when Dr. Mohamed Hashish created a technique to add abrasives to the water jet cutter. Today the water jet is unparalleled in many aspects of cutting and has changed the way many products are manufactured. Many types of water jets exist today, including plain water jets, abrasive water jets, percussive water jets, cavitation jets and hybrid jets.
Operation
A water jet cutter creating a specialist tool
The cutter is commonly connected to a high-pressure water pump where the water is then ejected from the nozzle, cutting through the material by spraying it with the jet of high-speed water. Additives in the form of suspended grit or other abrasives, such as garnet and aluminum oxide, can assist in this process , dr brush cutter .
Benefit , action figure sets .
An important benefit of the water jet cutter is the ability to cut material without interfering with the material's inherent structure as there is no "heat-affected zone" or HAZ. Minimizing the effects of heat allows metals to be cut without harming or changing intrinsic properties , diamond bits .
Water jet cutters are also capable of producing rather intricate cuts in material. The kerf, or width, of the cut can be changed by changing parts in the nozzle, as well as the type and size of abrasive. Typical abrasive cuts are made with a kerf in the range of 0.04" to 0.05" (1.016 to 1.27 mm), but can be as narrow as 0.02" (0.508 mm). Non-abrasive cuts are normally 0.007" to 0.013" (0.178 to 0.33 mm), but can be as small as 0.003" (0.076 mm), which is approximately the size of a human hair. These small cutters can make very small detail possible in a wide range of applications , offset wrenches .
Waterjet is considered a "green" technology. Waterjets produce no hazardous waste, reducing waste disposal costs. They can cut off large pieces of reusable scrap material that might have been lost using traditional cutting methods. Parts can be closely nested to maximize material use, and the waterjet saves material by creating very little kerf. Waterjets use very little water (a half gallon to approximately one gallon per minute depending on cutting head orifice size), and the water that is used can be recycled using a closed-looped system. Waste water usually is clean enough to filter and dispose of down a drain. The garnet abrasive is a non-toxic natural substance that can be recycled for repeated use. Garnet usually can be disposed of in a landfill. Waterjets also eliminate airborne dust particles, smoke, fumes, and contaminates from cutting materials such as asbestos and fiberglass. This greatly improves the work environment and reduces problems arising from operator exposure.
Versatility
Because the nature of the cutting stream can be easily modified the waterjet can be used in nearly every industry. There are many different materials that the waterjet can cut. Some of them have unique characteristics that require special attention when cutting. Each material cut will have some unique characteristics that have to be taken into account.
Materials commonly cut with waterjet include rubber, foam, plastics, composites, stone, tile, metals, food, paper and much more. Materials that cannot be cut with waterjet are tempered glass, diamonds and certain ceramics.
Water jet cuts are not typically limited by the thickness of the material, and are capable of cutting materials over eighteen inches (45 cm) thick. The penetrating power of these tools has led to the exploration of their use as anti-tank weapons but, due to their short range and the advent of composite armour, research was discontinued.
Availability
Commercial water jet cutting systems are available from manufacturers all over the world, in a range of sizes, and with water pumps capable of a range of pressures. Typical water jet cutting machines have a working envelope as small as a few square feet, or up to hundreds of square feet. Ultra-high pressure water pumps are available from as low as 40,000 psi (276 MPa) up to 90,000 psi (621 MPa).
Process
There are six main process characteristics to water jet cutting:
Uses a high velocity stream of abrasive particles suspended in a stream of Ultra High Pressure Water (30,000 - 90,000 psi) which is produced by a Waterjet Intensifier Pump
Is used for machining a large array of materials, including heat-sensitive, delicate or very hard materials.
Produces no heat damage to workpiece surface or edges.
Nozzles are typically made of sintered boride.
Produces a taper of less than 1 degree on most cuts, which can be reduced or eliminated entirely by slowing down the cut process.
Distance of nozzle from workpiece affects the size of the kerf and the removal rate of material. Typical distance is .125".
Temperature is not as much of a factor.
References
^ "Company | Flow International Corporation". Flowcorp.com. http://www.flowcorp.com/about-flow.cfm. Retrieved on 2009-06-11.
^ a b "Company". Jet Edge. http://www.jetedge.com/content.cfm?fuseaction=dsp_applications_101. Retrieved on 2009-06-11.
^ "Company | WARDJet". Wardjet <!. http://www.wardjet.com/LearnMore.asp. Retrieved on 2009-06-11.
^ "Jet Edge 90,000 PSI X-Stream Waterjet Intensifier Pump". 2009-01-25. http://www.jetedge.com/content.cfm?fuseaction=dsp_products_detail&product_ID=120. Retrieved on 2009-01-25.
External links
Waterjets.org, The Waterjet Web Reference
How Water Jets Work, HowStuffWorks.com video
v d e
Metalworking

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Night vision device

xls120 — Fri, 28 Aug 2009 08:00:18 +0200

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A U.S. Army aviator uses a pair of helmet-mounted AN/AVS-6 vision goggles.
A night vision device (NVD) is an optical instrument that allows images to be produced in levels of light approaching total darkness. They are most often used by the military and law enforcement agencies, but are available to civilian users. The term usually refers to a complete unit, including an image intensifier tube, a protective and generally water-resistant housing, and some type of mounting system. Many NVDs also include sacrificial lenses, IR illuminators, and telescopic lenses.
Night vision devices were first used in World War II, and came into wide use during the Vietnam War. The technology has evolved greatly since their introduction, leading to several "generations" of night vision equipment with performance increasing and price decreasing.
Contents
1 Generations
1.1 Generation 0
1.2 Generation 1 (GEN I)
1.3 Generation 2 (GEN II)
1.4 Generation 3 (GEN III)
1.5 Omnibus-VII
2 Other technologies
3 Legality
4 US Patents
5 Manufacturers
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
//
Generations
The classification below was initially introduced by the US manufacturers through the US government. European manufacturers do not abide by it.
Generation 0
The first night vision devices, the M1 and M3 infrared night sighting devices, also known as the "sniperscope" or "snooperscope", were introduced by the US Army in World War II, and also used in the Korean War, to assist snipers. They were active devices, using a large infrared light source to illuminate targets. Their image intensifier tubes function using an anode and an S-1 photocathode, made primarily of silver, caesium, and oxygen to accelerate the electrons. Parallel development of night vision systems by AEG occurred in Nazi Germany, and by the end of World War II, it had equipped approximately 50 Panther tanks, which saw combat on both the Eastern and Western Fronts, and produced the "Vampir" man-portable system for infantry soldiers equipped with Sturmgewehr 44 assault rifles.
Generation 1 (GEN I)

An M16A1 rifle fitted with the AN/PVS-2 Starlight scope.
First generation passive devices, introduced during the Vietnam War, were an adaptation of earlier active GEN 0 technology, and rely on ambient light instead of an infrared light source. Using an S-20 photocathode, their image intensifiers produce a light amplification of around 1000x, but are quite bulky and require moonlight to function properly.
Examples:
AN/PVS-2 Starlight scope
Generation 2 (GEN II)
Second generation devices featured an improved image-intensifier tube utilizing micro-channel plate (MCP) with an S-25 photocathode, resulting in a much brighter image, especially around edges of the lens. This leads to increased illumination in low ambient light environments, such as moonless nights. Light amplification is around 20000x. Also improved were image resolution and reliability.
Examples:
AN/PVS-4
AN/PVS-5
SUPERGEN
Later advancements in GEN II technology has brought tactical characteristics of GEN II devices into the range of GEN III ones, which has complicated the reasonable comparison.
Generation 3 (GEN III)

An early development version of the AN/PVS-7 goggle.
Third generation night vision systems maintain the MCP from Gen II, but now use a photocathode made with gallium arsenide, which further improves image resolution. In addition, the MCP is coated with an ion barrier film for increased tube life. The light amplification is also improved to around 30000-50000x.
Examples:
AN/PVS-7
NVS-7
AN/PVS-10
AN/PVS-14
NVS-14
Omnibus-VII
The US Army Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate (NVESD) (http://www.nvl.army.mil/) is part of the governing body that dictates the name of the generation of night vision technologies. Although the recent increased performance associated with the GEN-III OMNI-VII components is impressive, the US Army has not yet authorized the use of the name GEN-IV for these components.
GEN-III OMNI-VII devices can differ from standard Generation 3 in two important ways. First, an automatic gated power supply system regulates the photocathode voltage, allowing the NVD to instantaneously adapt to changing light conditions. The second, is a removed or greatly thinned ion barrier, which decreases the amount of electrons that are usually rejected by the Standard GEN III MCP, hence resulting in less image noise and the ability to operate with a luminous sensitivity at 2850K of only 700, compared to operating with a luminous sensitivity of at least 1800 for GEN III type image intensifiers. The disadvantage to a thin or removed ion barrier is the overall decrease in tube life from a theoretical 20,000 hrs mean time to failure (MTTF) for Gen III type, to 15,000 hrs MTTF for GEN IV type. However, this is largely negated by the low numbers of image intensifier tubes that reach 15,000 hrs of operation before replacement.
It is important to note that while the consumer market classifies this type of system as "Generation 4", the United States military describes these systems as Generation 3 Autogated tubes (GEN-III OMNI-VII). Moreover, as autogating power supplies can now be added to any previous generation of nightvision, 'autogating' capability does not automatically class the devices as a GEN-III OMNI-VII, as seen with the XD-4. Another point to note is that any postnominals appearing after a Generation type (ie: Gen II +, Gen III +) does not change the generation type of the device, but instead indicates an advancement(s) over the original specification's requirements.
Examples:
AN/PVS-22
NVS-22
Though image intensification technology employed by different manufacturers varies, from the tactical point of view night vision system is an optical device that enables vision at low light. The US government itself has recognised the fact that technology itself makes little difference as long as an operator can see clearly at night. Consequently the United States base their export regulation not on the generations, but on calculated factor called Figure of Merit (FOM). The method of FOM calculation and its implications for export are briefly described in the publication of the National Defense University, USA in a document named he NATO Response Force16] authored by Jeffrey P. Bialos, the Executive Director of the Transatlantic Security and Industry Program at the Johns Hopkins University and Stuart L. Koehl, a Fellow at the Center for Transatlantic Relations of the same university.
... beginning in 2001, the U.S. implemented a new figure of merit (FOM) system for determining the release of night vision technology. FOM is an abstract measure of image tube performance, derived from the number of line pairs per millimeter multiplied by the tube's signal-to-noise ratio." US made tubes with a FOM greater than 1600 are not exportable outside the US.
Other technologies

Panoramic Night Vision Goggles in testing.
The United States Air Force is experimenting with Panoramic Night Vision Goggles (PNVGs) which double the user's field of view to around 95 degrees by using four 16 mm image intensifiers tubes, rather than the more standard two 18 mm tubes. They are in service with A-10 Thunderbolt II, MC-130 Combat Talon and AC-130U Spooky aircrews.
The PSQ-20, manufactured by ITT seeks to combine thermal imaging with image intensification, as does the Northrop Grumman Fused Multispectral Weapon Sight.
Legality
Certain countries (e.g. Hungary and other European Union members) regulate possession and or use of night-vision devices. Civilians are allowed to... To get More information , you can visit some products about ceiling hanging light, reading wall lamp, home decor lamp, bamboo table lamp, . The MB-2041 Mirror Lamp products should be show more here!

Viyella

xls120 — Thu, 27 Aug 2009 07:58:49 +0200

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Viyella was a blend of wool and cotton first woven in 1893 in England, and soon to be the "first branded fabric in the world". It was made of 55 per cent merino wool and 45 per cent cotton in a twill weave, developed by James and Robert Sissons of William Hollins & Company, spinners and hosiers. The brand name, first registered as a trademark in 1894, and registered in the United States in 1907, soon covered not only the original fabric, to be sold by the yard (piece goods), but also clothing. At first this was made by separate businesses, but it was not long before Hollins started producing their own clothes and offering franchises to manufacturers who would use the Viyella label. Following increasing emphasis on garment manufacture over the years, Viyella is now a fashion brand for clothes and home furnishings made of a variety of fabrics. The original wool/cotton blend is no longer on sale.
"Following an assessment of the current economic situation and the prospects for the future, the directors have reluctantly decided that they have no alternative but to place the business into administration," the company said in a statement. 7th January 2009 statement from Viyella.
Contents
1 The fabric
2 The companies
3 References
4 Further reading
5 External links
//
The fabric
Viyella was a soft dress-weight fabric which was more resistant to shrinkage than any comparable pure wool alternative (challis, for example). In its early years it was marketed as a fabric which combined lightness and fashion with warmth and durability. One 1920s advertisement called it a "guaranteed unshrinkable fine wool flannel" for women who wanted both "daintiness" and "protectiveness". By the early 20th century it came in various weights and widths, some rather narrow by today's standards, and in both plain colours and woven or printed patterns, and was exported from the United Kingdom to other English-speaking countries. Towards the end of the 20th century it was woven in 150cm wide lengths suitable for modern garment design and production.
The first ready-made garments using Viyella were shirts and nightgowns, and soon came dresses, slips and other clothing, much of it produced under franchise arrangements using the Viyella trademark. It was also made into sheets, and at one time Viyella yarn was available for home knitting.
In the mid-20th century the fabric was popular for children's clothes - from babies' nightgowns to winter shirts for British schoolchildren - and for pyjamas, shirts and dresses; it became associated with sensible, cosy clothing. Officers in the British and other Commonwealth armies purchased their uniforms during the Second World War, and Viyella shirts were a desirable option for them. In the late 20th century it was 're-invented' as fashionable fabric. In 1987 The Times said it was used by designers interested in "vintage" style, like Laura Ashley, and creators of "modern classics".
Clydella was a cheaper, less soft alternative made with 81 per cent cotton, produced at factories in the Clydeside area, including Glasgow and Hamilton, where many yards of Viyella were also woven.
Hollins also produced the related Dayella cloth used especially for babies' clothes.
The companies
The name Viyella is based on the unusually-named valley road, Via Gellia, (the A5012) near Matlock, where in 1890 Hollins & Co acquired a mill used for the early production of Viyella. Hollins had started business in 1784 in Pleasley, about 20 miles away on the Derbyshire/Nottinghamshire border. Later their offices were at Viyella House in Nottingham.
After a merger in 1961, Hollins became Viyella International, led by Joe Hyman, who in the next few years acquired a series of related companies, with Viyella growing to be one of the biggest textile businesses in the UK, owning 40 factories across the country. After a few years as Carrington Viyella and then Vantona Viyella, the company owning the brand became Coats Viyella (Coats Paton, now Coats plc), who in the 1980s built a new mill to produce Viyella cloth in Barrowford, Lancashire, but this was demolished in 1999. In the 21st century much of Coats manufacturing (now specialising in thread) has been moved abroad and it is no longer possible to buy Viyella fabric. Coats underwent major restructuring in 2002 and sold off its Viyella fashion retail business (and Jaeger) to entrepreneur Richard Thompson in 2003 for ?1, who re-sold Viyella weeks later to venture capitalist Harris Watson. Viyella Ladieswear has since added home furnishings to its range of goods. The fashion chain entered Administration on the 7th January 2009 citing "an assessment of the current economic situation and the prospects for the future" as the cause.
As of February 6th 2009, the upmarket retailer Austin Reed had agreed to buy Viyella for an undisclosed sum.
References
The Times: Fashion: Soft touch for a romantic, 8 September 1987
The Times: Obituary of "Joe Hyman, textile magnate", 8 July 1999
Daily Telegraph: Thompson measures Austin Reed bid, 28 March 2003
Viyella history
Textiles in the Glasgow area
^ a b Times, 8 Sep 1987
^ Trade Marks Journal, 6 June 1894, cited in the Oxford English Dictionary
^ The Scotsman, 21 Nov 1927
Further reading
Stanley Pigott, Hollins: A Study of Industry (William Hollins & Co., 1949)
F.A. Wells, Hollins and Viyella (David & Charles 1968)
Textile Dictionary online
Pictures of Viyella production c.1950
Australian Women's Weekly: Viyella advertising 1946-1971
External links
Viyella

v?d?eFabric
Woven:
Barkcloth Batiste Bombazine Broadcloth Buckram Bunting Burlap Calico Cambric Canvas Chambray Charmeuse Charvet Cheesecloth Chiffon Chino Cloth of gold Duck Coutil Crape Denim Dimity Dowlas Drill Foulard Flannel Gabardine Gauze Gingham Grenadine Grenfell Cloth Haircloth Harris Tweed Hodden Irish linen Jamdani Kente cloth Lam Lawn Linsey-woolsey Loden Madras Moleskin Muslin Ninon Oilskin Organdy Organza Osnaburg Ottoman Oxford Percale Poplin Rep Ripstop Ripstop nylon Russell cord Samite Sateen Satin Scarlet Seersucker Serge Stuff Taffeta Toile Tweed Twill Viyella
Figured woven:
Brocade Camlet Damask Songket
Pile woven:
Baize Chenille Corduroy Fustian Plush Polar fleece Terrycloth Velours du Kasa? Velvet Velveteen Zibeline
Nonwoven:
Felt Nonwovens
Knitted:
Coolmax Machine knitting Velour
Netted:
Net Bobbinet Carbon fiber Fishnet Lace Mesh Needlerun Net Ninon Tulle
Technical:
Ban-Lon Gore-Tex Smartwool Silnylon Spandex SympaTex
Patterns:
Argyle Herringbone Houndstooth Paisley Plaid Tartan
Textile fibers:
Acrylic Alpaca Angora Asbestos Carbon Fiber Cashmere Catgut Chamois Coir Cotton Hemp Jute Kevlar Linen Mohair Nylon Microfibre Olefin Pashmina Polyester Pi?a Ramie Rayon Sea silk Silk Sinew Sisal Spandex Spider silk Wool
Finishing and printing:
Batik Banfini Finishing Fulling Mercerization Roller printing Textile printing Watered silk Woodblock printing
Related:
Dyeing Fiber History of textiles History of silk Knitting Pandy Terminology Manufacturing Preservation Weaving Yarn
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Autumn leaf color

xls120 — Wed, 26 Aug 2009 10:07:13 +0200

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Autumn leaf color is a phenomenon that affects the normally green leaves of many deciduous trees and shrubs by which they take on, during a few weeks in the autumn season, one or many colors that range from red to yellow. The phenomenon is commonly called fall colors and autumn colors, while the expression fall foliage usually connotes the viewing of a tree or forest whose leaves have undergone the change. In some areas in the United States, and in much of Canada "leaf peeping" tourism between the beginning of color changes and the onset of leaf fall, or scheduled in hope of coinciding with that period, is a major contribution to economic activity.

Maple leaves
Contents
1 Chlorophyll and the green color
2 Pigments that contribute to other colors
2.1 Carotenoids
2.2 Anthocyanins
2.3 Cell walls
3 Function of autumn colors
3.1 Photoprotection
3.2 Coevolution
3.3 Allelopathy
4 Tourism
5 Climate influences
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
//
Chlorophyll and the green color
A green leaf is green because of the presence of a pigment known as chlorophyll. When they are abundant in the leaf's cells, as they are during the growing season, the chlorophylls' green color dominates and masks out the colors of any other pigments that may be present in the leaf. Thus the leaves of summer are characteristically green.

In this leaf, the veins are still green while the other tissue is turning red.
Chlorophyll has a vital function: that of capturing solar rays and utilizing the resulting energy in the manufacture of the plant's food simple sugars which are produced from water and carbon dioxide. These sugars are the basis of the plant's nourishment the sole source of the carbohydrates needed for growth and development. In their food-manufacturing process, the chlorophylls themselves break down and thus are being continually "used up." During the growing season, however, the plant replenishes the chlorophyll so that the supply remains high and the leaves stay green.
In late summer, the veins that carry fluids into and out of the leaf are gradually closed off as a layer of special cork cells forms at the base of each leaf. As this cork layer develops, water and mineral intake into the leaf is reduced, slowly at first, and then more rapidly. It is during this time that the chlorophyll begins to decrease.
Often the veins will still be green after the tissues between them have almost completely changed color.
Pigments that contribute to other colors
Carotenoids

Cross section of a leaf showing color changes; click to enlarge.
Carotenoids are present in leaves the whole year round, but their orange-yellow colors are usually masked by chlorophyll. As autumn approaches, certain influences both inside and outside the plant cause the chlorophylls to be replaced at a slower rate than they are being used up. During this period, with the total supply of chlorophylls gradually dwindling, the "masking" effect slowly fades away. Then other pigments that have been present (along with the chlorophylls) in the cells all during the leaf's life begin to show through. These are carotenoids and they provide colorations of yellow, brown, orange, and the many hues in between.
The carotenoids occur, along with the chlorophyll pigments, in tiny structures called plastids within the cells of leaves. Sometimes they are in such abundance in the leaf that they give a plant a yellow-green color, even during the summer. Usually, however, they become prominent for the first time in autumn, when the leaves begin to lose their chlorophyll.
Carotenoids are common in many living things, giving characteristic color to carrots, corn, canaries, and daffodils, as well as egg yolks, rutabagas, buttercups, and bananas.
Their brilliant yellows and oranges tint the leaves of such hardwood species as hickories, ash, maple, yellow poplar, aspen, birch, black cherry, sycamore, cottonwood, sassafras, and alder. Carotenoids are the dominant pigment in coloration of about 15-30% of tree species.
Anthocyanins
The reds, the purples, and their blended combinations that decorate autumn foliage come from another group of pigments in the cells called anthocyanins. Unlike the carotenoids, these pigments are not present in the leaf throughout the growing season, but are actively produced towards the end of summer. They develop in late summer in the sap of the cells of the leaf, and this development is the result of complex interactions of many influences - both inside and outside the plant. Their formation depends on the breakdown of sugars in the presence of bright light as the level of phosphate in the leaf is reduced.[citation needed]
During the summer growing season, phosphate is at a high level. It has a vital role in the breakdown of the sugars manufactured by chlorophyll. But in the fall, phosphate, along with the other chemicals and nutrients, moves out of the leaf into the stem of the plant. When this happens, the sugar-breakdown process changes, leading to the production of anthocyanin pigments. The brighter the light during this period, the greater the production of anthocyanins and the more brilliant the resulting color display. When the days of autumn are bright and cool, and the nights are chilly but not freezing, the brightest colorations usually develop.
Anthocyanins temporarily color the edges of some of the very young leaves as they unfold from the buds in early spring. They also give the familiar color to such common fruits as cranberries, red apples, blueberries, cherries, strawberries, and plums.
Anthocyanins are present in about 10% of tree species in temperate regions, although in certain areas - most famously Maine, New England - up to 70% of tree species may produce the pigment. In autumn forests they appear vivid in the maples, oaks, sourwood, sweetgums, dogwoods, tupelos, cherry trees and persimmons. These same pigments often combine with the carotenoids' colors to create the deeper orange, fiery reds, and bronzes typical of many hardwood species.

A display of vivid autumn leaves in eastern Vermont.
Cell walls
The brown color of leaves is not the result of a pigment, but rather cell walls, which may be evident when no coloring pigment is visible.
Function of autumn colors
Deciduous plants were traditionally believed to shed their leaves in autumn primarily because the high costs involved in their maintenance would outweigh the benefits from photosynthesis during the winter period of low light availability and cold temperatures. In many cases this turned out to be over-simplistic - other factors involved include insect predation, water loss, and damage from high winds or snowfall.
Anthocyanins, responsible for red-purple coloration, are actively produced in autumn, but not involved in leaf-drop. What use is the production of pigments in leaves that are about to fall? A number of hypotheses have been proposed, which fall into two cageories: interaction with animals, and protection from non-biological factors.
Photoprotection

Some trees, such as this American sweetgum at Keokea, Maui, develop bold fall colors in subtropical areas.
According to the photoprotection theory, anthocyanins protects the leaf against the harmful effects of light at low temperatures. It is true that the leaves are about to fall and therefore it is not of extreme importance for the tree to protect them. Photo-oxidation and photo-inhibition, however, especially at low temperatures, make the process of reabsorbing nutrients less efficient. By shielding the leaf with anthocyanins, according to the photoprotection theory, the tree manages to reabsorb nutrients (especially nitrogen) more... To get More information , you can visit some products about led replacement bulb, krypton bulb, table led light, g9 halogen bulbs, . The pendent light,victorian pendent lamp products should be show more here!

Alex Kendrick for fire proof box

xls120 — Wed, 26 Aug 2009 08:29:01 +0200

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Alex Kendrick
Residence
Albany, Georgia
Nationality
United States
Religious beliefs
Christianity
Spouse(s)
Christina Kendrick
Children
5
Relatives
Stephen Kendrick (brother)
WebsiteKendrick Brothers Productions
Alex Kendrick is an associate pastor at Sherwood Baptist Church, in Albany, Georgia. He has been there since 1999. He oversees the media ministry of the church, which includes Sherwood Pictures, the movie-creating entity that produced Flywheel (2003), Facing the Giants (2006), and Fireproof (2008). Kendrick is married to Christina Kendrick, and they have five children together, with another due in April.
Film career
Upon reading a survey that stated films have become more influential than churches, Kendrick set out to change the perception of movies in mainstream America. In the three movies Sherwood Pictures has produced, he co-wrote (with brother, Stephen Kendrick), acted and directed in all three. His latest film, Fireproof, grossed $33.5 million in the box office, making it the highest grossing independent film of 2008. The project went on to win Best Feature at the 2009 San Antonio Independent Christian Film Festival, as well as the Epiphany Prize, the highest honor at the Movieguide Awards in Los Angeles. In addition to filmmaking, Alex has written three novels from his films with his brother, Stephen, and novelist Eric Wilson. His fourth book, The Love Dare, was also written with his brother, and spent several weeks on New York Times Best Seller list, reaching the number one spot on two different occasions.
References
^ "Christians in Cinema: Alex Kendrick". November 20, 2006. http://www.christiancinema.com/catalog/newsdesk_info.php?newsdesk_id=279. Retrieved on February 21, 2009.
^ Westen, John-Henry (February 20, 2009). "Interview: Writer/Producer of "Fireproof" - Father of Six - Has Revitalized Thousands of Marriages". LifeSiteNews.com. http://www.lifesitenews.com/ldn/2009/feb/09022009.html. Retrieved on February 21, 2009.
^ Miller, Donna (November 9, 2006). "Facing the Giants in final week at Albany theater". The Citizen News. http://www.thecitizen.biz/index.php?id=2243. Retrieved on March 13, 2009.
External links
Simple English Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Alex Kendrick
Alex Kendrick at the Internet Movie Database
Sherwood Baptist Church
Sherwood Pictures
Jonathan Bellamy caught up with Alex Kendrick (Interview)
Mark Moring (September 26, 2006). Facing the Critics at Christianity Today, an interview with Alex Kendrick about Facing the Giants.
This biographical article related to cinema of the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Categories: United States film biography stubs | Year of birth missing (living people) | Living people | Sherwood Pictures
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Density of air for Humidity Temperature...

xls120 — Tue, 11 Aug 2009 07:24:01 +0200

Fuel Flow Meter ,

The density of air, ? (Greek: rho) (air density), is the mass per unit volume of Earth's atmosphere, and is a useful value in aeronautics and other sciences. Air density decreases with increasing altitude, as does air pressure. It also decreases with increasing temperature or humidity. At sea level and 20 , air has a density of approximately 1.2 kg/m3.
Contents
1 Effects of temperature and pressure
2 Effect of water vapor
3 Effects of altitude
4 Importance of temperature
5 See also
6 References
7 External links

//

Effects of temperature and pressure
The formula for the density of dry air is given by:

where ? is the air density in kilograms per cubic meter, p is pressure in pascals, R is the specific gas constant, and T is temperature in kelvins.
The specific gas constants for dry air are as follows:

Therefore:
At IUPAC standard temperature and pressure (0 and 100 kPa), dry air has a density of 1.2754 kg/m3.
At 20 and 101.325 kPa, dry air has a density of 1.2041 kg/m3.
At 70 and 14.696 psia, dry air has a density of 0.074887 lbm/ft3.
Effect of water vapor
The addition of water vapor to air (making the air humid) reduces the density of the air, which may at first appear contrary to logic.
This occurs because the molecular mass of water (18) is less than the molecular mass of air (around 29). For any gas, at a given temperature and pressure, the number of molecules present is constant for a particular volume. So when water molecules (vapor) are introduced to the air, the number of air molecules must reduce by the same number in a given volume, without the pressure or temperature increasing. Hence the mass per unit volume of the gas (its density) decreases.
The density of humid air may be calculated as a mixture of ideal gases. In this case, the partial pressure of water vapor is known as the vapor pressure. Using this method, error in the density calculation is less than 0.2% in the range of ?10 to 50 . The density of humid air is found by:

Where:
Density of the humid air (kg/m3)
pd = Partial pressure of dry air (Pa)
Rd = Specific gas constant for dry air, 287.05 J/(kg)
T = Temperature (K)
pv = Pressure of water vapor (Pa)
Rv = Specific gas constant for water vapor, 461.495 J/(kg)
The vapor pressure of water may be calculated from the saturation vapor pressure and relative humidity. It is found by:

Where:
pv = Vapor pressure of water
Relative humidity
psat = Saturation vapor pressure
The saturation vapor pressure of water at any given temperature is the vapor pressure when relative humidity is 100%. A simplification of the regression used to find this, can be formulated as:

IMPORTANT:
This will give a result in mbar (millibar), 1 mbar = 0.001 bar = 0.1kPa = 100 Pa
pd is found considering partial pressure, resulting in:
pd = p ? pv
Where p simply notes the absolute pressure in the observed system.
Effects of altitude
To calculate the density of air as a function of altitude, one requires additional parameters. They are listed below, along with their values according to the International Standard Atmosphere, using the universal gas constant instead of the specific one:
sea level standard atmospheric pressure p0 = 101325 Pa
sea level standard temperature T0 = 288.15 K
Earth-surface gravitational acceleration g = 9.80665 m/s2.
temperature lapse rate L = ?0.0065 K/m
universal gas constant R = 8.31447 J/(mol)
molar mass of dry air M = 0.0289644 kg/mol
Temperature at altitude h meters above sea level is given by the following formula (only valid inside the troposphere):

The pressure at altitude h is given by:

Density can then be calculated according to a molar form of the original formula:

Importance of temperature
The below table demonstrates that the properties of air change significantly with temperature.
Table speed of sound in air c, density of air ?, acoustic impedance Z vs. temperature
Effect of temperature
c in m/s
? in kg/m3
Z in Pa/m
?25
1.423
?20
1.395
?15
1.368
?10
325.2
1.342
436.1
?5
328.3
1.317
432.0
0
331.3
1.292
428.4
+5
334.3
1.269
424.3
+10
337.3
1.247
420.6
+15
340.3
1.225
416.8
+20
343.2
1.204
413.2
+25
346.1
1.184
409.8
+30
349.0
1.165
406.3
See also
International Standard Atmosphere
U.S. Standard Atmosphere
NRLMSISE-00
References
^ a b Equations - Air Density and Density Altitude
External links
Conversions of density units ?
Air density and density altitude calculations
Categories: Atmospheric thermodynamics | Density
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Jimmy Two-Shoes for red dog shoes

xls120 — Tue, 11 Aug 2009 05:14:02 +0200

Fashion Mid-Cut Rubber sports shoes ,

Jimmy Two-Shoes
Jimmy Two-Shoes Title Card
Format
AdventureComedy
Created by
Edward KaySean Scott
Starring
Cory DoranSean CullenBrian FroudTabitha St. Germain
Country of origin
United StatesCanada
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
26
Production
Running time
approx. 22 minutes(2 11-minute segments)
Broadcast
Original channel
Disney XDTeletoon
Original run
United States Febuary 13, 2009 Canada March 21, 2009 present
Jimmy Two Shoes is an American/Canadian animated television series. It airs on Disney XD in the United States, and Teletoon in Canada. The series centers around the exploits of the happy-go-lucky titular character Jimmy, who lives in Miseryville, a miserable town filled with monsters and demons.
Contents
1 Characters
2 Episode Guide
2.1 Season 1
3 References
4 External Links

//

Characters
Jimmy Two-Shoes (Cory Doran) - The eponymous main character. He is a perpetually optimistic, thrill-seeking 14-year-old boy. He has a mission to spread happiness to Miseryville which makes him a source irritation to Lucius Heinous who Jimmy nicknames "Lucy". He is often seen doing extreme activities despite Heloise's warnings, he often acts before he thinks. Jimmy is also clueless to the fact that Heloise has a crush on him, due to the fact that whenever she tries to do something nice, it always backfires and turns to an evil plan. It is shown to be almost impossible to get him upset and he is rather ignorant of the faults in others. He also owns a pet monster named Cerbee, who's demeanor is very similar to that of a dog. Jimmy and Heloise are possibly the only two humans in Miseryville. Mostly, you don't see Jimmy's or Heloise's parents around in the show.
Beezy J. Heinous (Brian Froud) - Jimmy's best friend, a giant, overweight, red devil-like monster. He is the clueless teenage son of Lucius Heinous the Seventh. He would rather hang out with Jimmy and Heloise than spread misery, much to his father's dismay. Because of this he has an estranged relationship with his father.
Heloise (Tabitha St. Germain) - A super-intelligent yet destructive small girl. She is seen as a mad scientist who enjoys spreading chaos wherever she goes though she has a the appearance of a diminutive,sweet little girl. She works for Lucius by creating weapons of mass destruction. She is also tactless, self-centered and sadistic. She has a school-girl crush on Jimmy and she doesn't care much about Beezy or Cerbee. Being nice is impossible for her no matter how hard she tries, which usually lasts 5-10 minutes, the evil side of her always wins over. If one looks very closely, they can see that she has a scar on her forehead, possibly from a job related accident. Jimmy and Heloise are possibly the only two humans in Miseryville.
Lucius Heinous the Seventh (Sean Cullen) - The tyrant ruler of Miseryville. He resembles a devil-like creature having red skin and horns. He has great contempt for Jimmy, because of his happy-go-lucky attitude which often acts a foil to his plots to make the town even more miserable. He resembles the stereotypical villain as he is cold, malevalent, narcissistic and self-serving. He has a son, Beezy, who rebels against his wishes which he blames Jimmy for. He also has a girlfriend named Jess who resembles a purple cat humanoid cat. He's an idiot when it comes to make new, miserable ideas.
Sammy - Lucius' assistant who has dreams of fame. He is rather timid and weak and is often verbally abused by his boss.
Episode Guide
Season 1
Episode Number
Title
Original airdate
1
"Pop-Sicles/Chez Beezy"
February 21, 2009
Pop-Sicles: Hoping to help Beezy and Lucius to get along better, Jimmy unfreezes Lucius's father.Chez Beezy: Jimmy, Beezy and Heloise come into possesion of a restaurant, and have to host Lucius on the night of his big date.
2
"I've Totally Shredded My Cheese/Heloise's Wish List"
February 22, 2009
I've Totally Shredded My Cheese: After Jimmy's new catch-phrase launches him into superstardom, Lucius decides he wants in on the craze.Heloise's Wish List: When Lucius fires Heloise, Jimmy makes her a list of all the fun things she can now do.
3
"Spew Tube/Monster Mutt"
February 28, 2009
Spew Tube: When Heloise posts an embarrassing video of Lucius for all of Miseryville's amusement, Jimmy must restore Lucius' villainous reputation.Monster Mutt: Heloise switches Beezy's and Cerbee's bodies and Jimmy must convince her to switch them back.
4
"A Cold Day in Miseryville/Mount Misery"
March 7, 2009
A Cold Day in Miseryville: When Jimmy talks about how fun snow is, Heloise invents a machine that makes snow, but when Lucius hires Sammy to use it to spread misery things don't go as planned...Mount Misery: Lucius wants to carve his head into a mountain until he finds out it's home of his least favorite creatures.
5
"Heat Blanket Jimmy/Cellphone-itis"
March 14, 2009
Heat Blanket Jimmy: Jimmy decides that the best way to beat the heat (and misery) is to have a beach party. When Lucius crashes the party he is eaten by a fish and Jimmy has to save him.Cellphone-itis: Lucius bans cellphones when Beezy disrupts his presentation by chatting.
6
"Power Squid and Spagetti Beezy/The Big Date"
March 21, 2009
Power Squid and Spaghetti Beezy: After clowns steal Jimmy's shoe, Heloise invents him a squid which gives him with super powers.The Big Date: When Lucius is unable to get to his big date on time, he hires Jimmy and Beezy to distract Jez.
7
"Carnival Lucius/Baby Boom"
March 28, 2009
References
External Links
Teletoon's Official Jimmy Two-Shoes Site
Disney XD's Official Jimmy Two-Shoes Site
Jimmy Two-Shoes at the Internet Movie Database

v?d?eTeletoon Original Series
1997-2000
Captain Star Cybersix Ned's Newt
2001-2005
6teen Atomic Betty Braceface Carl Squared Class of the Titans Delilah and Julius Doodlez Gerald McBoing-Boing Kid Paddle Miss Spider's Sunny Patch Friends My Dad the Rock Star The Ripping Friends Sons of Butcher The Tofus Totally Spies! What About Mimi? What's with Andy?
2006-present
Best Ed Chop Socky Chooks Chaotic The Dating Guy Di-Gata Defenders George of the Jungle Iggy Arbuckle Jimmy Two-Shoes Johnny Test Total Drama Action Total Drama Island W Wayside
Upcoming
Alison & Allie? Stoked
Related Articles
Teletoon Detour? Teletoon Toon Teletoon Retro Toon Rro

v?d?eDisney XD Series
2009
Aaron Stone? Jimmy Two-Shoes? Kid vs. Kat
Upcoming Series
I'm with the Band ? Kid Knievel ? RoboDz Kazagumo Hen ? Zeke and Luther
Categories: Animated television series
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DragonflyTV for electric scooters kids

xls120 — Tue, 11 Aug 2009 03:23:01 +0200

EL T-SHIRT,EL sheet.EL light.EL light T-SHIRT ,

The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (December 2007)
Dragonflytv
Format
Children's television series
Created by
KTCA
Starring
Eric Artell, Michael Brandon Battle, and Mariko Nakasone
Country of origin
United States
Production
Running time
30 Minutes
Broadcast
Original channel
PBS
Original run
2002 present
DragonflyTV is an award-winning multi-media science education program combining television, community outreach, the Web, and fun. Produced by KTCA, creator of the long-running family science series Newton's Apple, DragonflyTV engages tens of millions of children, parents and teachers in accessible, hands-on science activities. DragonflyTV is designed to appeal to children from diverse ethnic, socioeconomic, and educational backgrounds. By modeling and celebrating children's science capabilities, DragonflyTV has always shown that if kids can dream it, they can do it!
DragonflyTV's first step has been to attract children with a TV show unlike anything they've seen before. The DragonflyTV television program is broadcast nationwide on PBS stations, and presents real-life science investigations in a style of television that captures the attention of today's MTV and video-game generation. Against a pop-music soundtrack, children tell about their investigations, communicating the infectious excitement that comes with making their own discoveries. The new season airs in 2008.
DragonflyTV extends beyond the television screen, offering a variety of standards-based learning tools. A rich, interactive Web site, a biannual children's science magazine, educators' guides, Fun Kits, and other outreach materials are available to schools, homes, community organizations, or any place kids gather to explore, create, and discover. It is not broadcast on WGBH Boston, WHYY Philadelphia, NJN New Jersey or WNET New York.
Contents
1 Episodes
1.1 Season 1
1.2 2. Wheels
1.3 3. Animal Behavior
1.4 4. Water
1.5 5. Rocks
1.6 6. Flight
1.7 7. Weather
1.8 8. Technology
1.9 9. Plants
1.10 10. Air
1.11 11. Human Behavior
1.12 12. Space
1.13 13. Human Body
1.14 External links

//

Episodes
Season 1
2. Wheels
Production Code: 102
Twin Motocross Racers Tamara and Tara explore what impact their body positions have on their motorcycle jumps, while Skateboarders Scott and Anthony experiment with different sized wheels that have the best in terms of maximizing speed and maneuverability. Two young inventors named Patrick and Justin show how skis and scooters can pair up to speed through the snow.
3. Animal Behavior
Production Code: 103
Dog owners Anna and Laura test their dog's performances on intelligence tests, while Jouse and Michelle compare otter grooming habits.
4. Water
Production Code: 104
Champion surfer Carsten explores how the terrain around different beaches affects the sport on waves, while Hilary investigates how dolphins make friends, observing pair bonding among dolphins. Also in this episode, Valerie and Margie tackle two twisty waterslides to determine which is speediest and most "wild."
5. Rocks
Production Code: 105
Simi, Jenny and Danny kayak down a raging river and learn how rock size affects speed, while Climbers Gordon and Jesse explore different types of rock as they scale sheer cliffs in Aspen, Colorado.
6. Flight
Production Code: 106
Alex and Ryan, model airplane pilots, investigate how different wing designs affect how the stunt planes perform. David, Abby and Alex use a thermal camera to determine how the terrain below affects the paraglider in flight.
7. Weather
Production Code: 107
Melissa and Elizabeth visit the site of a recent tornado and examine the damage to determine the tornado's strength on the F Scale. Sullivan and Alexa engineer their own tornado model to explore how tornados are made. Also Mari and Lindsay test traditional forecasts against modern weather predictions.
8. Technology
Production Code: 108
A GEMS team (Girls in Engineering, Math and Science) make a robot to compete in the "First LEGO League" contest. Isaac and Anjali find out how their model solar car performs as the sun moves across the sky at different times of day.
9. Plants
Production Code: 109
Elissa and Julia track a swarm of weevils charged with saving the Everglades from invasive melaleuca trees, while certified Scuba divers Megan and Ian meet some amazing creatures in an underwater kelp forest. Maddie, Mia, Ally and Mikki investigate how leaves change color in the fall.
10. Air
Production Code: 110
GiGi and Emmanuel investigate how sail position affects speed of sailboats, and Masha and Patsy check out how the temperature inside a hot-air balloon makes them soar in the sky or sink to the ground.
11. Human Behavior
Production Code: 111
Maddy and Martina investigate how inaccurate human perception can be. Zahabiya and Christopher investigate people's reactions to roller coasters.
12. Space
Production Code: 112
Sarah, Shakivia and Erica send coconut snacks into orbit aboard the Space Shuttle to investigate how the coconut would be as a space food. Chris and Vanessa make models of moon craters, then compare their models with the view through their own telescopes.
13. Human Body
Production Code: 113
Young Martial Arts athletes Kha and Peta determine how different tae kwon do moves challenge their bodies' skeletal and muscular systems, and then attempt to do what they learned in competition.
External links
DragonflyTV official website
Twin Cities Public Television
DragonflyTV on imdb
Dragonfly TV on TV.com

v?d?ePBS Kids shows
Current shows
Angelina Ballerina Barney & Friends Betsy's Kindergarten Adventures The Berenstain Bears* Between the Lions Caillou Clifford the Big Red Dog* Clifford's Puppy Days Curious George Dragon Tales* Franny's Feet It's a Big Big World Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks Jay Jay: The Jet Plane Mama Mirabelle's Home Movies Martha Speaks Mister Rogers' Neighborhood* Reading Rainbow* Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat* Sesame Street Super Why! Sid the Science Kid Thomas and Friends WordWorld Zoboomafoo*
PBS Kids GO! programs
Arthur Cyberchase DragonflyTV The Electric Company (2009) FETCH! with Ruff Ruffman Maya & Miguel Postcards from Buster WordGirl ZOOM*
Past Shows
3-2-1 Contact Adventures from the Book of Virtues? Adventures of Dudley the Dragon Bill Nye the Science Guy Big Comfy Couch Bob the Builder Boobah Captain Kangaroo Charlie Horse Music Pizza The Electric Company (1971) Gerbert George Shrinks Ghostwriter The Huggabug Club In the Mix Katie and Orbie Kidsongs Kratts' Creatures Lamb Chop's Play-Along? Liberty's Kids~ Long Ago & Far Away The Magic School Bus? Mark Kistler's Imagination Station Newton's Apple Noddy Pappyland PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch Peep and the Big Wide World Powerhouse The Puzzle Place Shining Time Station Square One Television Seven Little Monsters Teletubbies Theodore Tugboat? Tots TV Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego? Where in Time is Carmen Sandiego? Wimzie's House Wishbone* Zoobilee Zoo
Note
This list does not include shows from networks airing PBS Kids shows that aren't funded directly by PBS, such as shows created by and funded by local PBS affiliates.
See also
PBS network shows Educational television
* No new episodes are being produced; reruns still airing on many major PBS stations or on PBS Sprout. Not...
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Regenerative circuit for High Quality Ra...

xls120 — Mon, 10 Aug 2009 10:36:01 +0200

Metal / Aluminum Case for iPod Nano 2G ,

Homebuilt regenerative radio set with vintage headphones.

Rear view of the above radio, showing the simplicity of the regenerative design.
For other uses, see Heat exchanger#Regenerative heat exchanger.
The regenerative circuit (or self-regenerative circuit) allows an electronic signal to be amplified many times by the same vacuum tube or other active component such as a field effect transistor.
Contents
1 Description
2 History
2.1 Superheterodyne receiver
3 Operating limits
4 Super-regenerative receiver
5 Patents
6 Footnotes
7 See also
8 External links

//

Description

Regenerative Receiver Schematic
Regenerative circuits were employed in early radio receivers and are still built by electronics experimenters and students. A regenerative circuit is often an AM detector, converting the RF signal on the antenna to an audio waveform. Their use of positive feedback greatly increases both the selectivity and sensitivity of a simple receiver. Positive feedback builds up the input signal to very high levels.
For AM signals, the detector is kept operating just below RF oscillation. For single sideband and the unmodulated RF used in code reception, the circuit is operated at a level above oscillation to provide the necessary "beat note" (heterodyne), as these two transmission modes require a local oscillation to be understood.
Although vacuum tubes were used on the early designs, modern transistors (bipolar, JFET etc.) are often used today. Typical regenerative gains for these devices are: bipolar transistor, 100,000; JFET 20,000, and vacuum tube: a few thousand. This is quite dramatic considering the fact that the non regenerative gain of these devices (at RF frequencies) is very low (often 20 or less). In addition to increasing gain, regeneration also greatly improves selectivity (simply stated the ability to separate stations on a crowded band).
A final, often overlooked benefit is that regenerative radios, like their tuned-radio-frequency cousins, tend to provide very high quality, low distortion audio. With a hi-fi shortwave broadcast, their sound quality can be quite impressive.
Regenerative circuits use fewer components than more complex designs but the regeneration level must be carefully adjusted by the user. In the early vacuum tube designs, the tube detector could easily operate as a transmitter, at power levels as high as one watt. So, it often caused interference to nearby receivers. Modern circuits, using semiconductors normally operate at milliwatt levels, one thousand times lower. So, interference is far less of a problem today. In any case, the addition of a preamp stage (RF stage) between the regenerative detector and the antenna is often used to further lower the interference.
Two common shortcomings of regenerative receivers are the presence of a characteristic noise (ush) in their audio output, and sensitive and unstable tuning . Both of these problems have the same cause: a regenerative receiver gain is greatest when it operates on the verge of oscillation, and in that condition, the circuit behaves chaotically.
History
The inventor of FM radio, Edwin Armstrong, invented and patented the regenerative circuit while he was a junior in college, in 1914. He patented the super-regenerative circuit in 1922, and the superheterodyne receiver in 1918.
Lee De Forest filed a patent in 1916 that became the cause of a contentious lawsuit with the prolific inventor Armstrong, whose patent for the regenerative circuit had been issued in 1914. The lawsuit lasted twelve years, winding its way through the appeals process and ending up at the Supreme Court. The Court ruled in favor of De Forest, although the experts agree that the incorrect judgement had been issued.[citation needed]
At the time the regenerative receiver was introduced, vacuum tubes were expensive and consumed lots of power, with the added expense and encumbrance of heavy batteries or AC transformer and rectifier. So this design, getting most gain out of one tube, filled the needs of the growing radio community and immediately thrived. Although the superheterodyne receiver is the most common receiver in use today, the regenerative radio made the most out of very few parts.
In WW2 the regenerative circuit was used in some early military equipment. A related circuit, the super-regenerative detector, found wide use in WW2 in military Friend or Foe identification equipment and in the top-secret proximity fuse, which had a very important role in winning the war for the allies.
Superheterodyne receiver
In 1906, Reginald Fessenden had already used a version of the heterodyne principle for broadcasting.
When the parts became easier to obtain, the superheterodyne receiver replaced the regenerative radio for all serious work. Then radio industry matured and prices dropped with increased production. In 1930 the superheterodyne design began to supplant the regenerative receiver, and after WWII it was almost completely phased out of mass production, remaining only in hobby kits.
Operating limits
Quality of a receiver is defined by its sensitivity and selectivity. For a single-tank TRF (tuned radio frequency) receiver without regenerative feedback, bandwidth = frequency / Q, where Q is tank "quality" defined as Q = Z / R, Z is reactive impedance, R is resistive loss. Signal voltage at tank is antenna voltage multiplied by Q.
Positive feedback compensates the energy loss caused by R, so we may express it as bringing in some negative R. Quality with feedback is Qreg = Z / (R ? Rneg). Regeneration rate is M = Qreg / Q = R / (R ? Rneg).
Obviously, M depends on stability of amplification and feedback coefficient, because if R-Rneg is set less than Rneg fluctuation, it will easily overstep the oscillation margin. This problem can be partly solved by "grid leak" or any kind of automatic gain control, but the downside of this is surrendering control over receiver to noises and fadings of input signal, which is undesirable. Note that modern semiconductors offer much more stability than vacuum tubes of the 1920s.
Actual numbers: To have 3kHz bandwidth at 12MHz (short waves travelling all around Earth) we need Q = F / f = 4000. A two-inch coil of thick silvered wire wound on a ceramic core may have Q up to 400, but let's suppose Q = 100. We need M = 40, which is attainable with good stable amplifier even without power stabilizing.
Super-regenerative receiver
The super-regenerative receiver uses a second lower frequency oscillation (within the same stage or by using a second oscillator stage) to provide single device circuit gains of around one million. This second oscillation periodically interrupts or "quenches" the main RF oscillation, allowing the RF signal to be built up over and over. Strictly speaking, the main RF oscillation still occurs: the detector starts to build up the incoming RF oscillation up to and slightly above oscillation level. But the net result is that most of the time the detector is amplifying the RF signal and is creating a free running RF oscillation in only a small portion of its quenching cycle. A big difference between a straight regen and a super regen is that there is no heterodyne (no squealing interference) as the set is tuned and operated.
The super regen uses far fewer components than more complex designs and it is easily possible to build VHF, UHF, and even microwave radio receivers that operate at microwatt power levels. These are ideal for remote sensing applications or where very long battery life is essential. For many years, super regenerative circuits have been used for commercial applications such as garage-door openers, radar detectors, microwatt RF data links, and very low cost walkie...
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Inkjet transfer for t-shirt heat transfe...

xls120 — Mon, 10 Aug 2009 08:04:01 +0200

Armored Anti-theft Car Lock ,

Inkjet transfer or Inkjet photo transfer is a technique to transfer a photograph or graphic, printed with an inkjet printer onto textiles, cups, CDs, glass and other surfaces.
A special transfer sheet, usually ISO A4 size, approximately USD 1 per sheet, is printed on with a regular inkjet printer. The photo has to be printed as a mirror image.
T-shirt transfer
The transfer sheet is put upside-down onto a t-shirt or fabric and ironed (without steam) onto the cloth at 210. Some transfer sheets change color to signal that the transfer is finished. To create a glossy effect, the transfer sheet is removed after it has been cooled down. To create a matte effect, it is peeled off while still hot.
It is often a requirement of such "home made" garments that they be washed inside out, only in cold water, sometimes by hand, and not be tumble dried. The heat from washing or drying conventionally, or from ironing over the transfer area, can damage the transfer or cause it to separate. This all generally makes them less practical for frequent wear than purchased items. To fix the image for a longer lasting transfer: wash with one cup of vinegar on cold setting on the first wash.
Printable tattoos
Avery markets a product called printable tattoo for other surfaces than textiles, including skin, plastics, ceramics and glass. The film is put upside-down on the skin, made wet for 10 seconds and then removed. The ink is left on the skin.
This photography-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Categories: Photographic processes | Photography stubs
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Baldor Electric Company for dc mini moto...

xls120 — Mon, 10 Aug 2009 06:07:01 +0200

DAEWOO/KIA Motor ,

Baldor Electric Co.
Type
Public (NYSE:BEZ)
Founded
St. Louis, Missouri (1920)
Headquarters
Fort Smith, Arkansas, United States
Key people
John A. McFarland, Chairman & CEORonald E. Tucker, President, CFO & SecretaryRandall P. Breaux, V.P. - Marketing
Industry
Manufacturing
Products
Electric motorsIndustrial automationGenerators
Revenue
?$721.6 Million USD (2005)
Net income
?$43.0 Million USD (2005)
Employees
3800 (2005)
Website
www.baldor.com
Baldor Electric Company markets, designs, and manufactures industrial electric motors, mechanical power transmission products, drives, and generators.
Contents
1 History
2 Products
2.1 Motors
2.2 Drives
2.3 Generators
2.4 Gear reducers
3 References
4 External links

//

History
Baldor Electric was founded in 1920 by Edwin Ballman and Emil Doerr. The name of the company was derived using part of each of their names. In 1967 the Company's headquarters were moved from St. Louis, Missouri to Fort Smith, Arkansas.
Baldor became a public company on January 15, 1976. In 1977, Fred Ballman, Chairman and CEO -- and son of founder Edwin Ballman -- appointed the Company's President, Roland S. Boreham, Jr. to the position of CEO. Mr. Boreham, who was the Company's Chairman from 1981 until 2004, passed away on February 5, 2006.
The Company's business guidelines are outlined by R.S. Boreham, Jr., in his book, "The Road Less Traveled: The History of Baldor 1976 - 2000":
"We have chosen to keep our manufacturing in the United States. We have chosen to have an independent sales force. We have chosen to follow our own pricing policies. We have chosen to augment our product lines rather than diversify. We have chosen to respond to economic downturns by maintaining our work force, continuing our research and development, and building inventories so we are ready when times improve. We have chosen to focus equally on our relationships with employees, customers, and shareholders."
Baldor introduced its line of Super-E premium efficient motors in 1983. In creating the Super-E motor, Baldor's goal was to create the most energy efficient motor on the market. In 1985, the white epoxy washdown duty motor line was introduced. In late 1989, Baldor purchased Sweo, allowing it to offer AC vector drives in addition to DC drive products. In the year following, Baldor developed AC vector motors for use with the vector controls.
Also in 1991, Baldor began its extremely successful customer education program, which continues to this day. Classes range from motor basics to intense drive programming and motion product courses. Classes are held at the Company's headquarters in Fort Smith, Arkansas.
In 1992, the U.S. government passed the Energy Policy Act of 1992. With this new set of rules, the government could set the minimum efficiency ratings required for AC motors. Baldor successfully met the October 1, 1997 deadline. Baldor Standard-E motors meet or exceed EPAct requirements. The line of Standard-E motors was chosen as "Product of the Year" by Plant Engineering magazine in 1998.
In 1996 alone, Baldor spent $19.9 million on research and development, correctly assuming that a large portion of future sales would depend on new product development.
In 1999, Baldor unveiled its highly customized computer system, with the help of SAP AG. Nicknamed the "Baldor Unified System" (BUS), the system allows district offices across North America to access to each other's warehouses, corporate engineering data, and customer information. In 2006, Baldor continued its tradition of education by introducing the BUS College, an employee education program focused on educating district office employees on the vast system available to them.
Also in 1999, Baldor received another Product of the Year Award with its new family of mini inverters, the Baldor 15J and 15P, from Plant Engineering magazine.
Presently, Baldor customers can gain access to their account information, including stock checks, placing and checking existing orders, and managing their accounting information via / BaldorVIP, an online progam connected to the Baldor BUS computer system.
In 2000, Baldor purchased Pow'R Guard, a generator manufacturer based in Wisconsin. Also in 2000, the University of Arkansas - Fort Smith, formally opened the Baldor Technology Center.
Baldor promotes its home-grown Value Formula. The Value Formula was publicly introduced in the 1990 Annual Report and remains a cornerstone of Baldor's customer service today:
V (Value Perceived by the customer) = Quality (Perceived) X Service (Perceived) / (Cost X Time).
Baldor has fifteen manufacturing plants across the U.S., as well as locations around the world (Australia, Canada, China, Germany, India, Japan, Mexico, Singapore & Switzerland). There are forty district sales offices and warehouses located throughout North America.
On November 7, 2006, Baldor Electric initiated a purchase of the Dodge and Reliance Electric brands from Rockwell Automation for 1.8 billion dollars USD. The purchase was officially closed on January 1, 2007, making Baldor the single largest motor manufacturer in the world.
Products
Motors
DC
AC Induction
Grinders / Buffers
DC Servo
AC Servo
Gearmotors
Linear
Drives
DC SCR
AC Inverter
AC Vector
Solid state soft starter
Servo
Motion control
Generators
Portable
Standby
Gear reducers
Worm
References
"Baldor annual report (2005)". http://www.baldor.com/pdf/financial/2005_Annual_Report.pdf. Retrieved on May 17.
Boreham, R.S. Jr. (2004). The Road Less Traveled: The History of Baldor 1976-2000, Fort Smith, AR: Baldor Electric Co. OCLC 64584246
External links
Baldor Electric Website
Schultheis Automation
Categories: Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
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Music engraving for engraved mirror by c...

xls120 — Mon, 10 Aug 2009 03:35:01 +0200

Semi-Commercial AC Motorized Treadmill ,

Sample of hand-copied music manuscript, in ink, of a piece composed for piano.
Music engraving is the art of drawing music notation at high quality for the purpose of mechanical reproduction. The term music copying is almost equivalent, though music engraving implies a higher degree of skill and quality, usually for publication. Plate engraving, the process the term originally referred to, became obsolete around 1990. The term engraving is now used to refer to any high-quality method of drawing music notation, particularly on a computer ("computer engraving" or "computer setting") or by hand ("hand engraving").
Contents
1 Traditional engraving techniques
1.1 Hand copying
2 Computer music engraving
3 References
4 See also

//

Traditional engraving techniques
Plate engraving: music was reproduced directly onto a zinc or pewter plate in mirror image. Staff lines were created by dragging a 5-pronged "scoring tool" across the plate, thus the designation, "score" for printed music. Fixed symbols, like note heads and clefs, were punched into the metal with dies, and variable symbols, such as beams or slurs, were engraved by hand.
Hand copying with pen and ruler, which if done by an expert music copyist can produce high-quality results (see below)
Moveable type with music symbols on - a centuries-old method, often used for hymn books, but which produced low-quality results
Music typewriters - like moveable type, this produced low-quality results and was never widely used
Notaset - dry transfer symbols similar to Letraset
Brushing ink through stencils, a high-quality technique used by Amersham-based company Halstan & Co.
Hand copying
In the distant past, a musician was required to draw his own staff lines (staves) onto blank paper. Eventually, staff paper was manufactured pre-printed with staves as a labor-saving technique. The musician could then write music directly onto the lines in pencil or ink.
In the 20th century, music staff paper was sometimes printed onto vellum or onionskin: a durable, semi-transparent paper which made it easier for the musician to correct mistakes and revise his work, and also enabled copies of the manuscript to be reproduced through the ozalid process. Also at this time, a music copyist was often employed to hand-copy individual parts (for each performer) from a composer's full score. Neatness, speed, and accuracy were desirable traits of a skilled copyist.
Computer music engraving
Main article: Scorewriter
With the advent of the personal computer since the 1980s, traditional music engraving has been in decline, as it can now be accomplished by computer software designed for this purpose. There are various such programs, known as scorewriters, designed for writing, editing, printing and playing back music, though only a few produce results of a quality comparable to high-quality traditional engraving. However, scorewriters have many advanced features, such as the ability to extract individual parts from an orchestral/band score, to transcribe music played on a MIDI keyboard, and conversely to play back notation via MIDI. Virtually all modern composers are expected to understand and be able to use this method to engrave their music.
References
Ted Ross. Teach Yourself The Art of Music Engraving & Processing Hansen Books, Florida.
Clinton Roemer. The Art of Music Copying: The Preparation of Music for Performance. Roerick Music Co., Sherman Oaks, California.
See also
Musical composition
Scorewriter
Categories: Musical notation | Music software
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Tractor unit for used truck cranes

xls120 — Sun, 09 Aug 2009 09:39:01 +0200

Larimar Slabs Speciman Wonderful Color ,

BEAUTIFUL LARIMAR SLABS Larimar jewelry is available in the Dominican Republic, and elsewhere in the Carribean. Quality grading is according to coloration: white is low quality, volcanic blue high quality. High quality jewelry utilizes stones between sky-blue and volcanic blue, often in combinations of both. Greenish colorations are also known but not well regarded, unless the green is intense. Red colored inclusions in Larimar indicate traces of iron. It should be noted that pectolites are photosensitive, which causes the larimar to lose its blue coloration over the years. Larimar Slabs Speciman Wonderful Color

A Leyland T45 tractor unit
A tractor unit, traction unit, road tractor or prime mover (Australian English) is a heavy-duty vehicle, usually with a large diesel engine and several axles. The tractor unit serves as a method of moving trailers. Trailers can be swapped between tractor units quickly so the unit does not stand idle whilst the load is unloaded or loaded, unlike a rigid, and is not restricted to one type of goods as trailer types can be swapped e.g. Bulk tipper to a box van. The tractor-trailer combination also means that a load can be shared across many axles, yet be more maneuverable than a equivalently sized rigid truck (see trucks). The tractor unit couples to the trailer using some sort of mechanical lock system, usually a fifth wheel. A tractor unit is primarily designated a freight vehicle and is most common in the heavy goods vehicle class of vehicles although smaller van based tractor units do exist.
Contents
1 Axle configuration
2 Crane
3 Tanker haulage
4 Customization
5 Regional variations
6 See also
7 References

//

Axle configuration
A tractor unit can have many axles depending on axle load legislation. The most common varieties are those of 4x2, 6x2 and 6x4 types, where a 6x4 has 3 axles with 2 of the axles driven. 6x4 units are more common in long distance haulage in larger countries such as the USA and Australia. In Europe, the 4x2 and 6x2 variants are more commonplace. Those with 3 axles or more can have more than one steering axle, which can be also driven. Most 6x2 units allow the undriven rear axle to be raised when lightly loaded or running without a trailer to save tyre wear and increase traction. The axle configurations are usually based upon axle load legislation and maximum GVWs. Heavier versions of tractor units, such as those used in heavy haulage and road trains, tend to have 4 or more axles with more than one axle driven. In certain countries (such as Switzerland), a certain amount of weight must be spread over driven axles which lead to heavier varieties having all wheel drive, otherwise
another tractor unit would have to be used. The heavy haulage variants of tractor-units are often turned into a ballast tractor by fitting temporary ballast because their chassis allows a high GVW which may go beyond the legal limit, hence requiring special permits.
Crane
See also: Grapple truck
A tractor unit can sometimes have a mounted crane located behind the cab. The tractor unit can still pull a trailer using its fifth wheel although it will carry less payload due to the extra bulk of the crane. A crane truck is able to lift its load on site, and usually comes with stabilizers like those on mobile cranes. These cranes can come in sizes from a few tones up to special heavy duty ones that can lift in excess of 80 ton/mtr for lifting containers and office units. Unlike a rigid truck with a crane, the tractor and crane have the advantage that they can be separated and repositioned relative to the load if necessary.
Tanker haulage
In the UK, tractor units which haul tankers carrying flammable liquids must be specially modified to reduce the fire risk. This includes using a fully insulated electrical system (neither side earthed to the frame) and enclosing all wiring in conduit.
Customization
In the USA and Australia in particular, owner drivers, and even fleet operators go to great lengths to customize their vehicle. This involves fitting larger exhausts, extra lights and custom paint among other things. Such tractor units attract lots of attention and can be beneficial for promoting their business, such tractors can be matched with a customized trailer. Some companies have one custom truck, or at least one tractor unit that is different or more powerful than the rest to act as a flag ship.
Regional variations
In the United Kingdom this type of "tractor" is often called an "artic",short for articulated lorry.
In the United States and Canada they are referred to as a Semi-trailer trucks .
See also
Air brake (road vehicle)
Articulated vehicle
Ballast tractor
Fifth wheel coupling
Loader crane
Mechanical Horse
Road train
Tractor
Truck
References
Categories: Trucks
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Convector heater for electric radiator h...

xls120 — Sun, 09 Aug 2009 08:29:01 +0200

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A convector heater is a heater which operates by air convection currents circulating through the body of the appliance, and across its heating element. This heats up the air, causing it to rise and being replaced by colder air, and thereby creating a natural ventilation, warming the surrounding area.
A convection heater may have either an electrical heater element, hot water coil, or steam coil. Because of the natural ventilation, they are quieter in operation than fan heaters.
A "heater" could also refer to a transformer. It is used in this way in the article about ring circuits
See also
Energy portal
Electric heating
Radiators and Convectors
This electronics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Categories: Heaters | Home appliances | Convection | Electronics stubs
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Scrap for Buy Scrap Metals

xls120 — Fri, 07 Aug 2009 09:20:01 +0200

LED outline bar ,

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"Scrap" can also refer to source material used in graphic design.
"Scrapped" redirects here. For the ship scrapping, see Ship breaking .
3R Concepts
Waste Mgmt Hierarchy
Reduce
Reuse
Recycle
Barter
Dematerialization
Dumpster diving
Ecodesign
Ethical consumerism
Freeganism
Extended producer responsibility
Industrial ecology
Industrial metabolism
Material flow analysis
Product stewardship
Simple living
Zero waste
Recyclable materials
Plastic
Aluminium
Glass
Paper
Textiles
Timber
Scrap
This box: view?talk?edit

Piles of scrap metal being utilized for the World War II effort, circa 1941.
Scrap is a term used to describe recyclable materials left over from every manner of product consumption, such as parts of vehicles, building supplies, and surplus materials. Often confused with waste, scrap in fact has monetary value. In 2007 the United States' exported over 10 billion dollars worth of scrap steel.
Overall, the scrap industry processes more than 145 million tons of recyclable material each year into raw material feedstock for industrial manufacturing around the world. The industry contributed $65 billion in 2006 and is one of the few contributing positively to the U.S. balance of trade, exporting $15.7 billion in scrap commodities in 2006. This imbalance of trade has resulted in rising scrap prices during 2007 and 2008 within the United States. Scrap recycling also helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions and conserves energy and natural resources. For example, scrap recycling diverts 145 million tons of materials away from landfills. Recycled scrap is a raw material feedstock for 2 out of 3 pounds of steel made in the U.S., for 60% of the metals and alloys produced in the U.S., for more than 50% of the U.S. paper industry needs, and for 33% of U.S. aluminum. Recycled scrap helps keep air and water cleaner by removing potentially hazardous materials and keeping them out of
landfills.
Scrap is often taken to a wrecking yard (also known as a scrapyard, junkyard, or breaker's yard), where it is processed for later melting into new products. A wrecking yard, depending on its location, may allow customers to browse their lot and purchase items before they are sent to the smelters although many scrap yards that deal in large quantities of scrap usually do not, often selling entire units such as engines or machinery by weight with no regard to their functional status. Customers are typically required to supply all of their own tools and labor to extract parts, and some scrapyards may first require waiving liability for personal injury before entering. Many scrapyards also sell bulk metals (stainless steel, etc) by weight, often at prices substantially below the retail purchasing costs of similar pieces.
In contrast to wreckers, scrapyards typically sell everything by weight, rather than by item. To the scrapyard, the primary value of the scrap is what the smelter will give them for it, rather than the value of whatever shape the metal may be in. An auto wrecker, on the other hand, would price the exact same scrap based on what the item does, regardless of what it weighs. Typically, if a wrecker can not sell something above the value of the metal in it, they would then take it to the scrapyard and sell it by weight. Equipment containing parts of various metals can often be purchased at a price below that of either of the metals, due to saving the scrapyard the labor of separating the metals before shipping them to be recycled. As an example, a scrapyard in Arcata, California sells automobile engines for $0.25 per pound, while aluminum, of which the engine is mostly made, sells for $1.25 per pound. Scrap prices are reported in a handful of U.S. publications, including American
Metal Market, based on confirmed sales.
Note that in the scrap metal industry a great potential exists for accidents in which a hazardous material present in scrap causes death, injury or environmental damage. A classic example is radioactivity in scrap; see the Goiania accident for an example of an accident involving radioactive material which entered the scrap metal industry and some details of the behavior of contaminating chemical elements in metal smelters. The general nature of many of the tools used in scrapyards such as Alligator shear, which cut metal using hydraulics give themselves the need for safety.

A pile of scrap.
A scrapyard.
Scrap from cans
See also
Recyclable waste
Ship breaking
Metal theft
References
^ "Scrap Metal Includes Gold and Platinum". http://www.goldpaq.com/scrap-metal-includes-gold-and-platinum/. Retrieved on 2008-08-28.
^ "American Scrap Coalition Crisis". http://www.scrapcoalition.com/crisis.htm....(and so on)
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