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For other uses, see Nuna (disambiguation).

Nuna 3 at Circuit Park Zandvoort
Nuna is the name of a series of manned solar powered vehicles that won the World solar challenge in Australia four times in a row, in 2001 (Nuna 1 or just Nuna), 2003 (Nuna 2), 2005 (Nuna 3) and 2007 (Nuna 4). The Nunas are built by students of the Delft University of Technology.
"Nuna" is also the Icelandic word for the eternal moment of "now."
Contents
1 Nuna 3 (2005)
1.1 Main specifications
1.2 Design criteria
1.3 Solar cells
1.4 Aerodynamic design
1.5 Motor
1.6 Test drive
1.7 The race
1.8 Important opponents
1.9 2005 Race monitor
2 Nuna 4 (2007)
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
//
Nuna 3 (2005)

The team at the race course of Zandvoort
Nuna 3 was one of the favourites for the 2005 edition of the World Solar Challenge with a pre-race test-drive speed of 130 km/h. The final result was that the 3021 kilometers between Darwin and Adelaide were covered in a record 29 hours and 11 minutes, averaging about 103 km/h.
It has very efficient solar cells of a type normally used to power orbital satellites (as had the previous Nunas), and it has better aerodynamics and is lighter than its predecessors.[citation needed]
It was designed and built by 11 students from different disciplines of the Delft University of Technology, who have partly put their studies on hold for this. They used the hightech labs and workshops of the University and, as with the Nuna 2, they received advice[citation needed] from Wubbo Ockels, the first Dutch astronaut and professor at the University.
Main specifications
Dimensions
5x1.8x0.8m
(l x w x h)
Weight
< 200 kg
Air friction coefficient
0.07
this value is between 0.25 and 0.35 for modern cars
Solar cell efficiency
27%
this is a very high efficiency; for comparison the most efficient solar cells yet created under laboratory conditions were only 14% more efficient than this. The material used to fabricate these cells was a compound containing gallium arsenide. The efficiency of most panels is 15%
Effective solar cell area
> 8m^2
including the solar cells attached to the sides of the car
Motor efficiency
> 97%
comparison: an average electromotor has an efficiency of 85%
Battery capacity
5 kWh
comparison: an ordinary 24 kg car battery has a capacity of 80 Ah, which equals 1 kWh
Battery weight
30 kg
Design criteria
To have a good chance to win, the car has to:
collect as much solar energy as possible
use as little energy as possible to drive at a certain speed. This means special attention to:
the efficiency of transferring electrical energy to the wheels, and
minimizing friction, constituted by:
air friction (air resistance), and
rolling friction, which in turn is affected by the weight, among other things
Solar cells
The solar cells are made of gallium arsenide (GaAs) and consist of three layers. Sunlight that penetrates the upper layer is used in the lower layers, resulting in an efficiency of over 26%. This type of solar cell is among the best available currently. Apart from efficiency, size also matters, so the entire upper surface of the Nuna 3 is covered with them, except for the cockpit.
Efficiency is optimal when the cells are hit by the solar rays perpendicularly. If not, output is reduced by roughly the cosine of the angle with the perpendicular. Because the 2005 race was held in September (as opposed to October or November in previous years) the sun was lower in the sky (it's earlier in spring). To compensate for this, as many cells as possible were placed at the sides, most notably on the wheel caps.
A solar cell gives a certain amount of current for a certain amount of sunlight. The voltage depends on the load (more precisely the resistance of the load). The power is the product of voltage and current and therefore also depends on the load. Over a certain voltage the current of the solar cell quickly drops to zero, as the graph illustrates.
However, the batteries have a fairly constant voltage, which also has a rather different value than that of the solar cells. So a voltage transformation is needed. A special type of DC-DC converter is used to ensure the load resistance presented to the solar cells is such that the solar cells give maximum power, so also at the top of the green line in the graph. This is called a Maximum power point tracker (MPPT). Here too, the goal is to have this conversion achieve maximum efficiency (>97%).
Aerodynamic design

The underside of the Nuna 3 model in a wind tunnel
The aerodynamic drag is an important part of the total...(and so on)

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